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This is as expected in countries that are nearer to the Earth's poles, whereby we cannot make vitamin D in our skin for part of the year, but also, unexpectedly, in counties nearer the equator that have sunny climates ( Reference Mithal, Wahl and Bonjour2). However, globally we have a vitamin D crisis. This means it is important for public health providers to prevent vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency has therefore been associated with a wide number of health conditions ( Reference Holick1) alongside its classic role in preventing the bone diseases of rickets and osteomalacia. Aside from its classical actions in calcium metabolism and bone health, vitamin D has known immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative functions, affecting immune and cellular health. Smaller amounts of vitamin D are also obtained from the diet. To conclude, vitamin D deficiency is epidemic in South Asians living in western countries and there is a clear need for urgent public health action.Ĭontrary to its name, vitamin D is not a vitamin (‘vital amine’), but it is a pro-hormone, our main source being skin production under the action of sunlight exposure. There may be a need for a South Asian specific vitamin D dietary intake guideline in western countries. Introducing culturally acceptable ways of increasing skin exposure to the sun in South Asian women may also be beneficial but further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of different approaches. chapatti flour), as well as increased use of vitamin D supplements may help reduce this epidemic. Increased fortification of food items relevant to South Asian groups (e.g. Vitamin D deficiency may also increase the risk of other chronic diseases. Possible health effects of deficiency include bone diseases such as rickets and hypocalcaemia in children and osteomalacia in adults. Reasons for vitamin D deficiency include low vitamin D intake, relatively high adiposity, sun exposure avoidance and wearing of a covered dress style for cultural reasons. There are few studies from the United States, South Africa and Australasia. In Canada, South Asians appear to have a slightly higher 25(OH)D concentration. Research from the UK and Europe suggests a high prevalence of South Asians with 25(OH)D concentration <25 nmol/l, with most having a 25(OH)D concentration of <50 nmol/l. The paper aimed to review the literature concerning vitamin D concentrations in this population group. Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D) is at epidemic proportions in western dwelling South Asian populations, including severe deficiency (<12⋅5 nmol/l) in 27–60% of individuals, depending on season.